Newtonian mechanics is a pillar of classical physics, built upon the foundational work of Sir Isaac Newton. It describes the motion of objects and the forces that cause them to move. It's the physics of our everyday experiences, from a ball being thrown to planets orbiting the sun.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion

1. First Law (The Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion is called inertia.

2. Second Law (The Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This is famously expressed by the equation: F = ma Where: - F is the net force applied - m is the mass of the object - a is the acceleration produced

3. Third Law (The Law of Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces is equal, and their directions are opposite. For example, when you jump, you push down on the Earth, and the Earth pushes up on you with an equal force.

Universal Gravitation

Newton also formulated the law of universal gravitation, which states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of thedistance between their centers. This law explains why apples fall from trees and why the Moon orbits the Earth.